Hierarchical models History 1985 JMA model was introduced to Univ. of Tokyo 1990 AGCM5 and GTOOL3 (Fortran77) were developed by the group of Univ of Tokyo Univ. (mainly by ex Numaguti). AGCM5 = prototype of CCSR/NIES 1999 Davis project: gtool4 Conventions 2002 SPMODEL Ruby modules for analysis and visualization ISPACK 2003 gt4f90io, GMS